diff --git a/backend-node/src/services/bookingService.ts b/backend-node/src/services/bookingService.ts
index 79935414..b27544e1 100644
--- a/backend-node/src/services/bookingService.ts
+++ b/backend-node/src/services/bookingService.ts
@@ -53,13 +53,20 @@ export class BookingService {
   }
 
   private ensureDataDirectory(): void {
-    if (!fs.existsSync(BOOKING_DIR)) {
-      fs.mkdirSync(BOOKING_DIR, { recursive: true });
-      logger.info(`📁 예약 데이터 디렉토리 생성: ${BOOKING_DIR}`);
-    }
-    if (!fs.existsSync(BOOKING_FILE)) {
-      fs.writeFileSync(BOOKING_FILE, JSON.stringify([], null, 2));
-      logger.info(`📄 예약 파일 생성: ${BOOKING_FILE}`);
+    try {
+      if (!fs.existsSync(BOOKING_DIR)) {
+        fs.mkdirSync(BOOKING_DIR, { recursive: true, mode: 0o755 });
+        logger.info(`📁 예약 데이터 디렉토리 생성: ${BOOKING_DIR}`);
+      }
+      if (!fs.existsSync(BOOKING_FILE)) {
+        fs.writeFileSync(BOOKING_FILE, JSON.stringify([], null, 2), {
+          mode: 0o644,
+        });
+        logger.info(`📄 예약 파일 생성: ${BOOKING_FILE}`);
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      logger.error(`❌ 예약 디렉토리 생성 실패: ${BOOKING_DIR}`, error);
+      throw error;
     }
   }
 
@@ -111,13 +118,16 @@ export class BookingService {
     priority?: string;
   }): Promise<{ bookings: BookingRequest[]; newCount: number }> {
     try {
-      const bookings = DATA_SOURCE === "database"
-        ? await this.loadBookingsFromDB(filter)
-        : this.loadBookingsFromFile(filter);
+      const bookings =
+        DATA_SOURCE === "database"
+          ? await this.loadBookingsFromDB(filter)
+          : this.loadBookingsFromFile(filter);
 
       bookings.sort((a, b) => {
         if (a.priority !== b.priority) return a.priority === "urgent" ? -1 : 1;
-        return new Date(b.createdAt).getTime() - new Date(a.createdAt).getTime();
+        return (
+          new Date(b.createdAt).getTime() - new Date(a.createdAt).getTime()
+        );
       });
 
       const fiveMinutesAgo = new Date(Date.now() - 5 * 60 * 1000);
@@ -145,7 +155,10 @@ export class BookingService {
     }
   }
 
-  public async rejectBooking(id: string, reason?: string): Promise<BookingRequest> {
+  public async rejectBooking(
+    id: string,
+    reason?: string
+  ): Promise<BookingRequest> {
     try {
       if (DATA_SOURCE === "database") {
         return await this.rejectBookingDB(id, reason);
@@ -194,9 +207,15 @@ export class BookingService {
       scheduledTime: new Date(row.scheduledTime).toISOString(),
       createdAt: new Date(row.createdAt).toISOString(),
       updatedAt: new Date(row.updatedAt).toISOString(),
-      acceptedAt: row.acceptedAt ? new Date(row.acceptedAt).toISOString() : undefined,
-      rejectedAt: row.rejectedAt ? new Date(row.rejectedAt).toISOString() : undefined,
-      completedAt: row.completedAt ? new Date(row.completedAt).toISOString() : undefined,
+      acceptedAt: row.acceptedAt
+        ? new Date(row.acceptedAt).toISOString()
+        : undefined,
+      rejectedAt: row.rejectedAt
+        ? new Date(row.rejectedAt).toISOString()
+        : undefined,
+      completedAt: row.completedAt
+        ? new Date(row.completedAt).toISOString()
+        : undefined,
     }));
   }
 
@@ -230,7 +249,10 @@ export class BookingService {
     };
   }
 
-  private async rejectBookingDB(id: string, reason?: string): Promise<BookingRequest> {
+  private async rejectBookingDB(
+    id: string,
+    reason?: string
+  ): Promise<BookingRequest> {
     const rows = await query(
       `UPDATE booking_requests 
        SET status = 'rejected', rejected_at = NOW(), updated_at = NOW(), rejection_reason = $2
diff --git a/backend-node/src/services/mailAccountFileService.ts b/backend-node/src/services/mailAccountFileService.ts
index 7b07b531..e547171a 100644
--- a/backend-node/src/services/mailAccountFileService.ts
+++ b/backend-node/src/services/mailAccountFileService.ts
@@ -33,11 +33,7 @@ class MailAccountFileService {
     try {
       await fs.access(this.accountsDir);
     } catch {
-      try {
-        await fs.mkdir(this.accountsDir, { recursive: true });
-      } catch (error) {
-        console.error("메일 계정 디렉토리 생성 실패:", error);
-      }
+      await fs.mkdir(this.accountsDir, { recursive: true, mode: 0o755 });
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/backend-node/src/services/mailReceiveBasicService.ts b/backend-node/src/services/mailReceiveBasicService.ts
index 741353fa..d5e3a78f 100644
--- a/backend-node/src/services/mailReceiveBasicService.ts
+++ b/backend-node/src/services/mailReceiveBasicService.ts
@@ -59,11 +59,7 @@ export class MailReceiveBasicService {
     try {
       await fs.access(this.attachmentsDir);
     } catch {
-      try {
-        await fs.mkdir(this.attachmentsDir, { recursive: true });
-      } catch (error) {
-        console.error("메일 첨부파일 디렉토리 생성 실패:", error);
-      }
+      await fs.mkdir(this.attachmentsDir, { recursive: true, mode: 0o755 });
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/backend-node/src/services/mailSentHistoryService.ts b/backend-node/src/services/mailSentHistoryService.ts
index 61fd6f89..c7828888 100644
--- a/backend-node/src/services/mailSentHistoryService.ts
+++ b/backend-node/src/services/mailSentHistoryService.ts
@@ -20,15 +20,13 @@ const SENT_MAIL_DIR =
 
 class MailSentHistoryService {
   constructor() {
-    // 디렉토리 생성 (없으면) - try-catch로 권한 에러 방지
     try {
       if (!fs.existsSync(SENT_MAIL_DIR)) {
-        fs.mkdirSync(SENT_MAIL_DIR, { recursive: true });
+        fs.mkdirSync(SENT_MAIL_DIR, { recursive: true, mode: 0o755 });
       }
     } catch (error) {
       console.error("메일 발송 이력 디렉토리 생성 실패:", error);
-      // 디렉토리가 이미 존재하거나 권한이 없어도 서비스는 계속 실행
-      // 실제 파일 쓰기 시점에 에러 처리
+      throw error;
     }
   }
 
@@ -45,13 +43,15 @@ class MailSentHistoryService {
     };
 
     try {
-      // 디렉토리가 없으면 다시 시도
       if (!fs.existsSync(SENT_MAIL_DIR)) {
-        fs.mkdirSync(SENT_MAIL_DIR, { recursive: true });
+        fs.mkdirSync(SENT_MAIL_DIR, { recursive: true, mode: 0o755 });
       }
 
       const filePath = path.join(SENT_MAIL_DIR, `${history.id}.json`);
-      fs.writeFileSync(filePath, JSON.stringify(history, null, 2), "utf-8");
+      fs.writeFileSync(filePath, JSON.stringify(history, null, 2), {
+        encoding: "utf-8",
+        mode: 0o644,
+      });
 
       console.log("발송 이력 저장:", history.id);
     } catch (error) {
diff --git a/backend-node/src/services/mailTemplateFileService.ts b/backend-node/src/services/mailTemplateFileService.ts
index 7a8d4300..e1a878b9 100644
--- a/backend-node/src/services/mailTemplateFileService.ts
+++ b/backend-node/src/services/mailTemplateFileService.ts
@@ -54,17 +54,13 @@ class MailTemplateFileService {
   }
 
   /**
-   * 템플릿 디렉토리 생성 (없으면) - try-catch로 권한 에러 방지
+   * 템플릿 디렉토리 생성
    */
   private async ensureDirectoryExists() {
     try {
       await fs.access(this.templatesDir);
     } catch {
-      try {
-        await fs.mkdir(this.templatesDir, { recursive: true });
-      } catch (error) {
-        console.error("메일 템플릿 디렉토리 생성 실패:", error);
-      }
+      await fs.mkdir(this.templatesDir, { recursive: true, mode: 0o755 });
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/backend-node/src/services/todoService.ts b/backend-node/src/services/todoService.ts
index 1347c665..33becbb9 100644
--- a/backend-node/src/services/todoService.ts
+++ b/backend-node/src/services/todoService.ts
@@ -61,13 +61,20 @@ export class TodoService {
    * 데이터 디렉토리 생성 (파일 모드)
    */
   private ensureDataDirectory(): void {
-    if (!fs.existsSync(TODO_DIR)) {
-      fs.mkdirSync(TODO_DIR, { recursive: true });
-      logger.info(`📁 To-Do 데이터 디렉토리 생성: ${TODO_DIR}`);
-    }
-    if (!fs.existsSync(TODO_FILE)) {
-      fs.writeFileSync(TODO_FILE, JSON.stringify([], null, 2));
-      logger.info(`📄 To-Do 파일 생성: ${TODO_FILE}`);
+    try {
+      if (!fs.existsSync(TODO_DIR)) {
+        fs.mkdirSync(TODO_DIR, { recursive: true, mode: 0o755 });
+        logger.info(`📁 To-Do 데이터 디렉토리 생성: ${TODO_DIR}`);
+      }
+      if (!fs.existsSync(TODO_FILE)) {
+        fs.writeFileSync(TODO_FILE, JSON.stringify([], null, 2), {
+          mode: 0o644,
+        });
+        logger.info(`📄 To-Do 파일 생성: ${TODO_FILE}`);
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      logger.error(`❌ To-Do 디렉토리 생성 실패: ${TODO_DIR}`, error);
+      throw error;
     }
   }
 
@@ -80,15 +87,17 @@ export class TodoService {
     assignedTo?: string;
   }): Promise<TodoListResponse> {
     try {
-      const todos = DATA_SOURCE === "database" 
-        ? await this.loadTodosFromDB(filter) 
-        : this.loadTodosFromFile(filter);
+      const todos =
+        DATA_SOURCE === "database"
+          ? await this.loadTodosFromDB(filter)
+          : this.loadTodosFromFile(filter);
 
       // 정렬: 긴급 > 우선순위 > 순서
       todos.sort((a, b) => {
         if (a.isUrgent !== b.isUrgent) return a.isUrgent ? -1 : 1;
         const priorityOrder = { urgent: 0, high: 1, normal: 2, low: 3 };
-        if (a.priority !== b.priority) return priorityOrder[a.priority] - priorityOrder[b.priority];
+        if (a.priority !== b.priority)
+          return priorityOrder[a.priority] - priorityOrder[b.priority];
         return a.order - b.order;
       });
 
@@ -124,7 +133,8 @@ export class TodoService {
         await this.createTodoDB(newTodo);
       } else {
         const todos = this.loadTodosFromFile();
-        newTodo.order = todos.length > 0 ? Math.max(...todos.map((t) => t.order)) + 1 : 0;
+        newTodo.order =
+          todos.length > 0 ? Math.max(...todos.map((t) => t.order)) + 1 : 0;
         todos.push(newTodo);
         this.saveTodosToFile(todos);
       }
@@ -140,7 +150,10 @@ export class TodoService {
   /**
    * To-Do 항목 수정
    */
-  public async updateTodo(id: string, updates: Partial<TodoItem>): Promise<TodoItem> {
+  public async updateTodo(
+    id: string,
+    updates: Partial<TodoItem>
+  ): Promise<TodoItem> {
     try {
       if (DATA_SOURCE === "database") {
         return await this.updateTodoDB(id, updates);
@@ -231,7 +244,9 @@ export class TodoService {
       dueDate: row.dueDate ? new Date(row.dueDate).toISOString() : undefined,
       createdAt: new Date(row.createdAt).toISOString(),
       updatedAt: new Date(row.updatedAt).toISOString(),
-      completedAt: row.completedAt ? new Date(row.completedAt).toISOString() : undefined,
+      completedAt: row.completedAt
+        ? new Date(row.completedAt).toISOString()
+        : undefined,
     }));
   }
 
@@ -263,7 +278,10 @@ export class TodoService {
     );
   }
 
-  private async updateTodoDB(id: string, updates: Partial<TodoItem>): Promise<TodoItem> {
+  private async updateTodoDB(
+    id: string,
+    updates: Partial<TodoItem>
+  ): Promise<TodoItem> {
     const setClauses: string[] = ["updated_at = NOW()"];
     const params: any[] = [];
     let paramIndex = 1;
@@ -327,12 +345,17 @@ export class TodoService {
       dueDate: row.dueDate ? new Date(row.dueDate).toISOString() : undefined,
       createdAt: new Date(row.createdAt).toISOString(),
       updatedAt: new Date(row.updatedAt).toISOString(),
-      completedAt: row.completedAt ? new Date(row.completedAt).toISOString() : undefined,
+      completedAt: row.completedAt
+        ? new Date(row.completedAt).toISOString()
+        : undefined,
     };
   }
 
   private async deleteTodoDB(id: string): Promise<void> {
-    const rows = await query("DELETE FROM todo_items WHERE id = $1 RETURNING id", [id]);
+    const rows = await query(
+      "DELETE FROM todo_items WHERE id = $1 RETURNING id",
+      [id]
+    );
     if (rows.length === 0) {
       throw new Error(`To-Do 항목을 찾을 수 없습니다: ${id}`);
     }
@@ -443,7 +466,10 @@ export class TodoService {
       inProgress: todos.filter((t) => t.status === "in_progress").length,
       completed: todos.filter((t) => t.status === "completed").length,
       urgent: todos.filter((t) => t.isUrgent).length,
-      overdue: todos.filter((t) => t.dueDate && new Date(t.dueDate) < now && t.status !== "completed").length,
+      overdue: todos.filter(
+        (t) =>
+          t.dueDate && new Date(t.dueDate) < now && t.status !== "completed"
+      ).length,
     };
   }
 }
diff --git a/docker/deploy/backend.Dockerfile b/docker/deploy/backend.Dockerfile
index bbfd3438..a5dd1aeb 100644
--- a/docker/deploy/backend.Dockerfile
+++ b/docker/deploy/backend.Dockerfile
@@ -34,14 +34,11 @@ COPY --from=build /app/dist ./dist
 # Copy package files
 COPY package*.json ./
 
-# Create logs, uploads, and data directories and set permissions (use existing node user with UID 1000)
-RUN mkdir -p logs \
-    uploads/mail-attachments \
-    uploads/mail-templates \
-    uploads/mail-accounts \
-    data/mail-sent && \
-    chown -R node:node logs uploads data && \
-    chmod -R 755 logs uploads data
+# 루트 디렉토리만 생성하고 node 유저에게 쓰기 권한 부여
+# 하위 디렉토리는 애플리케이션이 런타임에 자동 생성
+RUN mkdir -p logs uploads data && \
+    chown -R node:node /app && \
+    chmod -R 755 /app
 
 EXPOSE 3001
 USER node
diff --git a/docker/prod/backend.Dockerfile b/docker/prod/backend.Dockerfile
index 42779b66..f5d54a9e 100644
--- a/docker/prod/backend.Dockerfile
+++ b/docker/prod/backend.Dockerfile
@@ -37,10 +37,11 @@ COPY --from=build /app/dist ./dist
 # Copy package files
 COPY package*.json ./
 
-# Create logs directory and set permissions
-RUN mkdir -p logs && chown -R appuser:appgroup logs && chmod -R 755 logs
-
-# uploads 디렉토리는 볼륨으로 마운트되므로 생성하지 않음
+# 루트 디렉토리만 생성하고 appuser에게 쓰기 권한 부여
+# 하위 디렉토리는 애플리케이션이 런타임에 자동 생성
+RUN mkdir -p logs uploads data && \
+    chown -R appuser:appgroup /app && \
+    chmod -R 755 /app
 
 EXPOSE 3001
 USER appuser
diff --git a/scripts/prod/deploy.sh b/scripts/prod/deploy.sh
index b5388d54..cad282cd 100755
--- a/scripts/prod/deploy.sh
+++ b/scripts/prod/deploy.sh
@@ -20,17 +20,15 @@ echo ""
 echo "[1/6] Git 최신 코드 가져오기..."
 git pull origin main
 
-# 호스트 디렉토리 준비
+# 호스트 디렉토리 준비 (볼륨 마운트용 루트 디렉토리만 생성)
 echo ""
 echo "[2/6] 호스트 디렉토리 준비..."
-mkdir -p /home/vexplor/backend_data/data/mail-sent
-mkdir -p /home/vexplor/backend_data/uploads/mail-attachments
-mkdir -p /home/vexplor/backend_data/uploads/mail-templates
-mkdir -p /home/vexplor/backend_data/uploads/mail-accounts
+mkdir -p /home/vexplor/backend_data/uploads
+mkdir -p /home/vexplor/backend_data/data
 mkdir -p /home/vexplor/frontend_data
 chmod -R 755 /home/vexplor/backend_data
 chmod -R 755 /home/vexplor/frontend_data
-echo "디렉토리 생성 완료 (mail-sent, mail-attachments, mail-templates, mail-accounts, frontend)"
+echo "볼륨 마운트 디렉토리 생성 완료 (하위 디렉토리는 컨테이너가 자동 생성)"
 
 # 기존 컨테이너 중지 및 제거
 echo ""