diff --git a/backend-node/src/config/multerConfig.ts b/backend-node/src/config/multerConfig.ts
index e1389030..3179d2b2 100644
--- a/backend-node/src/config/multerConfig.ts
+++ b/backend-node/src/config/multerConfig.ts
@@ -2,12 +2,19 @@ import multer from 'multer';
 import path from 'path';
 import fs from 'fs';
 
-// 업로드 디렉토리 경로
-const UPLOAD_DIR = path.join(__dirname, '../../uploads/mail-attachments');
+// 업로드 디렉토리 경로 (운영: /app/uploads/mail-attachments, 개발: 프로젝트 루트)
+const UPLOAD_DIR = process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production'
+  ? '/app/uploads/mail-attachments'
+  : path.join(process.cwd(), 'uploads', 'mail-attachments');
 
-// 디렉토리 생성 (없으면)
-if (!fs.existsSync(UPLOAD_DIR)) {
-  fs.mkdirSync(UPLOAD_DIR, { recursive: true });
+// 디렉토리 생성 (없으면) - try-catch로 권한 에러 방지
+try {
+  if (!fs.existsSync(UPLOAD_DIR)) {
+    fs.mkdirSync(UPLOAD_DIR, { recursive: true });
+  }
+} catch (error) {
+  console.error('메일 첨부파일 디렉토리 생성 실패:', error);
+  // 디렉토리가 이미 존재하거나 권한이 없어도 서비스는 계속 실행
 }
 
 // 간단한 파일명 정규화 함수 (한글-분석.txt 방식)
diff --git a/docker/deploy/backend.Dockerfile b/docker/deploy/backend.Dockerfile
index b7ecb1ba..08ab6f5a 100644
--- a/docker/deploy/backend.Dockerfile
+++ b/docker/deploy/backend.Dockerfile
@@ -35,7 +35,9 @@ COPY --from=build /app/dist ./dist
 COPY package*.json ./
 
 # Create logs, uploads, and data directories and set permissions (use existing node user with UID 1000)
-RUN mkdir -p logs uploads data/mail-sent && chown -R node:node logs uploads data && chmod -R 755 logs uploads data
+RUN mkdir -p logs uploads/mail-attachments data/mail-sent && \
+    chown -R node:node logs uploads data && \
+    chmod -R 755 logs uploads data
 
 EXPOSE 3001
 USER node
diff --git a/scripts/prod/deploy.sh b/scripts/prod/deploy.sh
index 428dd459..5ef1d5dc 100755
--- a/scripts/prod/deploy.sh
+++ b/scripts/prod/deploy.sh
@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ git pull origin main
 echo ""
 echo "[2/6] 호스트 디렉토리 준비..."
 mkdir -p /home/vexplor/backend_data/data/mail-sent
-mkdir -p /home/vexplor/backend_data/uploads
+mkdir -p /home/vexplor/backend_data/uploads/mail-attachments
 mkdir -p /home/vexplor/frontend_data
 chmod -R 755 /home/vexplor/backend_data
 chmod -R 755 /home/vexplor/frontend_data
-echo "디렉토리 생성 완료"
+echo "디렉토리 생성 완료 (data, uploads, frontend)"
 
 # 기존 컨테이너 중지 및 제거
 echo ""